The Fight and the Turn Right – Amne Machin

So often it is the elders who remember tales through their time spent recounting orally the comings and goings of the past. Here Amne Machin is a backdrop of life.

Breakfast often brings realizations – some stimulated by the first thoughts of the day and others brought to life from without. Tucking into bowl after bowl of milk tea this morning comes with a nugget of information imparted almost casually, which reminds me very clearly of what is key to this journey. It has to do with salt.

Muscle pain is thrown aside as this new tad of information settles in. We are nine people tucked into a square room no more than three metres square. Two beds, a wood stove, a makeshift altar and Michael and I trying unsuccessfully to shove our legs and filthy boots somewhere where we aren’t tripping people up.

 

Our breakfast room where information is imparted over countless cups of tea

My question comes amidst a full mouth of tea and tsampa (barley powder) and there are subsequent sprays of powdered barley as I bark out my query about salt.

“Was salt transported here by caravan”?
A middle-aged man with tawny eyes and large hands issues the answer and it is straightforward.
“Of course. Salt was always being moved around and there used to be a tsaka (place of salt) close to here”, he continues, “Traders often used these pilgrimage routes as trade routes”.

 

Mornings started with tea followed by collecting our various animals

Somehow just hearing the words again, hearing this most informal of confirmations from a local lights up the morning. Within the landscapes that we have been traveling the land and elements have at times overshadowed the mineral itself. Here the daily doses of the spectacular overwhelm all, but suddenly and reassuringly the old salt routes come front and centre once again. Amne Machin is like a kind of skeleton that holds life all together.

The sky is grey and ambiguous as though pending. It is weather that is deceptively still and heavy and it is my least favourite weather system. I detest its heaviness. It feels tenuous like it cannot quite decide how to proceed and its quiet, windless heat plays with my brain and skin. I crave the winds, which I know are out there waiting somewhere just beyond this soupy grey. Snow fell last night and a bizarrely even snowline appears where the temperatures dropped below zero turning wet into white.

 

 

Dulse, harvested in the distant sea is crucial for us to maintain our sodium and potassium levels. I would boil it up and add it to our monotonous noodle feasts

 

Like many good-byes within the Himalayas, our own from this little home is disjointed, sudden and without any pomp. Gamzon, our guide is perky from her time with family and clearly energized. Terrier is his usual self, though slightly impatient to get on with it. I share his neurotic need to press on and get out of this warm valley, which is slowly strangling me. In the village we have picked up yet more noodles and some strange lumps of glutinous rice candy for the road.

We cut south down a valley that will take us to a divide with one route heading directly south and another cutting back west and then north. We will take the later cut-back, which will take us around the bulk of Amne Machin and hopefully to my old friend the wind.

 

Cutting down the valley that will take us around the greater Amne Machin range

Cutting in front of a homestead mid-morning we are forced into instant and unthinking action, with our entire team pressed into battle positions. Without warning a massive Tibetan mastiff comes at us dragging a chain, bearing teeth and looking the part of a guardian of the netherworld. Hackles raised, eyes blazing fury he has broken loose from that precious link that held him, and is upon us in a flash. Two slightly less ominous cronies of his, emboldened by their newly released mate’s display are following up on the flanks and in a moment it looks as if damage will be done to our caravan. Michael and I are both thirty yards ahead of the action and it is this that worries me most, that we cannot band together.

 

Scenes like this are more common within the folds of mountains – nomadic tents giving way to solid ‘winter’ structures

Michael and I have both taken to carrying flat headed rocks in our pockets for just such occasions, and quickly launch the equivalent of long-bow strikes…but these are too little and too late. The big beast (who looks to be about fifty kilos of rampaging murder) and his cohorts have moved in on our animals, but in a second I realize I have greatly underestimated our unit’s abilities in the blood arts. We are after all in the lands where all living beings are hard and toughened to such eventualities. Our guide Gamzon, on horseback, has instantly turned to face the threat and in doing so has urged our two brute yaks to do the same. The animals stay composed but I realize that our yak have dropped their heads and moved tight to one another forming a formidable phalanx. Their shaggy tails flit nervously – a sign that they are ‘excited’. No dog, however berserk or feral in these regions is unaware of the risk posed by an irate yak and being gored is not on any living thing’s menu plan. Our rampaging black attacker seems to realize the significant threat of yak, Tibetan iron-woman and raw-boned pony at in one moment and attempts to slow his momentum, skidding unceremoniously to a halt and ending up in a seething mess just outside of range of a yak horns. It is then that our own terrier (who has thus far been strangely invisible) moves in with the efficiency of small chainsaw, launching himself onto the exposed groin of the mastiff. His timing and aim are true as he sets about with ferocious efficiency nipping and snarling his way up and down the body of the bigger dog. It is a brutal and efficient display and there is a bit of sympathy in me for the poor mastiff. A moment later the mastiff is hightailing it home, stumbling and yelping, perhaps wondering where all of his bravado went wrong. His two comrades while initially game for battle had retreated earlier, clearly reading the signs of a prolonged and potentially disastrous campaign. Ripper shakes himself off and seems to be greatly enhanced by the activity. Tail held high he prances a bit, making sure to give Michael and I a look ensuring that we have appreciated the performance. I decide then and there that I have a slight crush on this small multi-talented canine. He is the complete partner on this journey – clever, vicious, entirely loyal, charming and understated. His engine seems incapable of breakdown no matter what the situation.

 

Our caravan and our own figures cut very solitary shapes in the huge expanses. Michael captures me ‘hunting for wind’

Our eventual veering right into another cavernous valley comes amidst still more heavy and almost suffocating air. Odd fence lines swerve and follow the contours of the land – strange to see these very ‘man’ oriented demarcation points. Nomads have long used (successfully) landmarks and informal systems by which to delineate ‘property’. In this remote corner it disconcerts to see these powerful landscapes parceled out into boxes. Amne Machin is no different. It is seen as a great marking upon the earth where deities reside.

It is a day of grinding, with little in the way of spectacles, though the morning’s canine scrap is still fresh in the mind providing me many smirks along the way. Michael wanders on his own taking in the valley and taking time to process. It is like this on intense journeys with bodies convening to share and then moving off again to be alone – it is in this way that the mind and psyche stay sane. I move on ahead searching out winds, silently hoping for their cold caresses to find us once again…and they do.

Me with my new idol…Ripper, who is looking entirely innocent

Funnelling into us, the winds arrive coming straight down from the mountains. There is snow too, mere bits of it at first, and the body instinctively draws comfort. Heat in the mountains for me is a hobgoblin that drains and saps me, creating a seething monster. The cold lights up the entire system giving the mind and body new energy and renewed hope.

In minutes snow is piling into us and I am back to my ‘regular’ self. High above our route, which has narrowed into a mere path, the hunched bodies of caterpillar fungus pickers stoop. A whole population of diligent workers tucked onto the mountainside will work in these extreme conditions for up to two months and will stay in camps that are themselves tucked away in these heights.

Tucked safely in our tent, Gamzon prepares yet another dinner of noodles. She is being carefully watched by our terrier (left) who keeps an eye on errant scraps. Here, his ‘look’ is far more revealing as to his true nature

Our camp rests above a valley and a cold that hits us in teeth moves in quickly. It hits -8 degrees Celsius and for the first time I actively welcome our miniature body guard into the covers for a well deserved rest. Amne Machin is the conductor weather…at least that is how I play it in my head.

One of the coldest and clearest nights of our entire journey – when beauty is slightly deceiving.

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Yak ‘Beauty’ and a Switch – Mountains’ Tales

We awake with a shudder to mountain cold and the realization that something has changed overnight regarding our ‘team’. Clear air with a hint of blue in the sky as dawn gives way to day waits…. while by the fire a strange figure coaxes more heat from the coals. Our canine friend is stretching out his little limbs to rid them of cold. The larger mastiffs have all disappeared – home I guess. It is the figure near the fire that holds me as I emerge from our tent. Where is our guide Neema?

The figure, however, is clearly not that of our guide Neema, but rather his wife whom we had met upon our arrival to Xiadawu. An ‘exchange of bodies’ has taken place in the night. Little Neema has left in the dead of night and in return his sturdy, bullet-proof wife and her pink turban have arrived.

Our new guide Gamzon atop a horse pauses near Darde Lhatso pass. Mountains are the landscapes here.

She explains in a soft voice with the requisite hand signs that Neema the previous day had succumbed to chills, headaches and fever as the cold had been too much for him and as the day and night wore on. He had found enough phone coverage to convey the need for a substitution, so here we were. As she speaks there is the slightest smile around her eyes of apology, as though she has long been aware of his susceptibility to the cold. Looking at her wrapped in her wools with one arm free I suspect that she suffers no such issues.

Michael and I react with shrugs and a bit of disbelief that Neema’s constitution could not hold up. The deep cold that we have encountered thus far, while not extreme, is unseasonal and the fresh snow hints that winter is not yet done with its sermon. Perhaps it is better that this happen now rather than later on.

Moving on from camp each individual body of our group spreads out in a staggered line as we ascend from over four thousand metres ever higher. The snow is deep and heavy and the light in the sky seems content to hang behind a body of low lying cloud. Snow from the sky feels imminent and I am thankful for the litre of bitter tea that now streams through my body warming limbs and insides.

Our caravan making its way east using the valley as an informal route. Valleys weave through a feats of Mountain shapes

No bodies appear on the horizon, no migrating nomads and no mythic trade caravans, we are utterly and happily alone. It is too early in the season and there is a feeling that our little group is at one with the elements. As time passes I note with a satisfaction that our present guide, Gamzon, is managing the yak with a gentle precision that her husband lacked. The animals respond to her competence and sanity with more kinship than they did to Neema’s slightly jittery personality. This coupled with the fact that she strapped our tent and gear to the yak’s backs in half the time it took Neema suggests to me that this has been good fortune to have her taking over.

Winds whip up, ice pellets drive into us and the sun plays peek-aboo as we ascend the 4,600 metre Darde Lhatso pass. Mountains are in the foreground, the background and the sky.

Our faithful yak atop Darde Lhatso pass, pause as if to pay homage for their (and our) safe passage. Mountains of the main Amne Machin range sit in the background.

Atop the winds howl and we are gifted a view of the greater Amne Machin range. It appears as a violent white canvas that has been cut with a stained knife. Winds obscure the entire sky but there are brief peaks of a brooding mass rising up above us.

Prayer flags whip about in gusts. Below us an entire landscape of glaciers line the valley floor. The look ancient and powerful and utterly patient. Once they ruled here cutting up landscapes in slow unstoppable movements. Now only their icy bodies and scars remain.

Little beauty without hints of the ominous in the mountain world

Our gradual descent from the wind bludgeoned pass is met with sun and with its arrival the world changes. Heat powers into the shoulders, snow melts into rivulets and a space of Amne Machin’s great white length opens up before us. The Mountains here instruct and the locals have long followed valleys and passes through the spine of the ridge lines.

A primordial valley lies heading east stretching into a distant black horizon of stone. Here, for the first time we are offered a scale of the mountains and I feel this mountain’s character start to emerge for the first time. It is a massive corridor running a deceptively long way with shoots and carved troughs emptying its melt water into cavernous valleys. No longer does the mountain brood.
Caravans carrying goods would have passed this way later in the season when they were still active, as will nomadic communities on the move in a week or so. Summer grazing awaits higher on the mountain.

Looking back (southwest) towards the main Amne Machin range and our caravan

Gamzon our guide, and our faithful yak are slow but unrelenting in their pace – tonight they will need to access grazing lands to feed tonight. Passing over ice-cold torrential rivers our yak’s eternal appeal is their unremitting pace and sureness of foot. They do not hesitate, finding secure footing on every surface, at times showing nimbleness and lightness of touch that is ‘almost’ (but not quite) elegant.

Michael and I must also find ways to launch ourselves over these rushing onslaughts of water, at times making it by mere centimetres…and in a case or two ‘not’ making it by centimeters.

I launch (this one was successful) myself across one of the many waterways along our path.

Lunch consists of some muffins, an apple, half a flask of tea and a couple of leaves of dried seaweed that I have brought – something of the sea loaded with potassium, sodium and iodine – to provide precisely what I am burning at these altitudes. Mountains bring their own stresses and warnings, but they shelter as well.

Eventually the snow carpets that we have tread on for days are no longer. Descending onto dried turf and rock basins, yak herds spot the slopes and even a forlorn tent or two become visible. We have moved from one realm to another.

We are offered the option of staying either in a camp or traveling another three hours to our guide’s mother’s home. A smile is passed between Michael and I and it is quickly decided to continue on to “mother’s” village. While some of the delicate and brutal beauty might be missed, live bodies and the warmth of people (and fire) are always welcome.

Gamzon and the yak negotiate safe passage through a river. Though sure-footed, our yak seemed to be aware that one miss-step could mean bad news in an instant.

At this juncture there lies an enormous valley that cuts directly into the main range to our right but we will not take it, instead pushing one further east – we are approaching the 30 kilometre mark – all of which has been above 3,700 metres – we will easily do over 30 kilometres today. The teasing promise of a warm bed and warm water can fuel the will like few things in the mountain.

For Gamzon our guide, who has been quietly titanic this day it will also provide her a chance to see her mother and grandmother – a rare treat in these desolate lands.

The town that we eventually arrive to seems a confused collection of huts randomly put up in the crucible of three valleys that meet. Nomads, fungus pickers and some random workmen erecting a structure add to the melee of bodies here.

Gamzon’s mother, a tiny woman with a huge smile and pleated hair, comes out to us shuffling along in a thick collection of robes. Grabbing the yak she takes them and our chestnut mare to a corral and us to a collection of small huts.

A moment of communion between Gamzon, her mother and of course the yak.

Gamzon is twice the size of her youthful mother, and when her grandmother appears I marvel. Each woman shares almost no similarity with eachother. The grandmother seems immortal with luminescent beauty and a vitality that is stunning. Her missing teeth, strangely enough do nothing to diminish her beauty and her laugh is a universal sort to stir up the soul.

A face and presence that stops all thought dead. Gamzon’s grandmother’s sage-like demeanor was interrupted only by explosive bursts of deep laughter and mirth making her an instant favourite.

We are bid welcome by a collection of relatives to sit in a cosy little room. Mountains though, even in shelters are never forgotten. They loom as much in the mind as in the backdrop. All that is their’s is offered up in the way that the truly generous do. A huge woodstove dominates the area and soothes the bones. Beside an ageing grandfather’s bed sits. Common space to Tibetans is the only space (besides the prayer room) that really matters.

Gamzon and her mother sleep together across the room from us chatting long into the night. The chirps, tweets and tones of happy gossip and catching up bid us farewell, and welcome us into the world of vivid mountain dreams.

Traditional to nomadic woman is the use of pleats or braids for their hair. Both ornamental and practical, these braids often descend to near ground level. Many will say that when the hair reaches the waist, the time is right for marriage.

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Amne Machin White and A Travelling Circus

Our two yak stand still in the blowing white snow; around them there is nothing to suggest a specific time-period and looking at their ice-encrusted wool I imagine a time long ago when gas-spewing, noise machines on wheels hadn’t yet taken over – where movement on land required the foot or hoof. Here, now, in this blowing snow beneath a mountain it is remarkably easy to imagine this time. Amne Machin is just over on our right behind veils of snow and wind.

The yak stand before us resigned and powerful, and it is evident that it is in their DNA and memory banks to wait, to be loaded and to traipse where few beings can. Mobile, tough and silent they provide the broad backs for transport. Nomads delight in riding horses but in these parts no other ‘transporter’ can predictably claim the reliability title at altitude as can these behemoths.

Locals have plenty to say of Amne Machin and its moods.

Apart from the yak, all things seem in rapid motion. Snow is contorting and rushing at us from above. The headwoman of the village is continuing to issue orders, while simultaneously tightening up yak wool cords around our gear.

Ancient and essential, the art of loading and tying gear to mules or yak’s backs is something that has long been prized and traders often picked their muleteers or ‘yak-men’ based on their abilities in this skill. Our guide Neema, a short and slight man whose face wouldn’t be at all out of place in the Andes of South America is organizing our food and necessities into bigger bags that will also be tied onto the back and flanks of our yak. One item, an essential given the time of year is a double reinforced bag of dried yak dung patties – fuel for our life giving fires. We are above the treeline here at almost 4 km’s in the sky and the areas where we will tread will not yet have herds of yak…nor their vital ‘droppings’ for us to use.

I get some loading instructions…and I do need them.

Huge flakes of snow explode into moisture as they pop against our jackets, and the mountains around us (that we can make out) are already building up their coats of white. The snow is unrelenting and it is hard to imagine a world without white. The winds are crafty, coming at us from all angles at once it seems coming from around Amne Machin.

Making our way out of the valley our vistas open up, but not our sightlines. They are paralyzed by drapes of white snow. Our contingent of moving bodies has somehow become eight bodies. The two yak seem to know precisely where they are going silently leading the way. Neema has mounted a chestnut pony – a lanky tough looking creature, and two dogs have joined along. One dog, a beige 10 kg livewire of energy looks part terrier and part fox, carrying a small diagonal scar on his snout which gives him the look of a seasoned street fighter.

Our caravan heads into snow that begins to drive straight into us.

The second dog, a Tibetan mastiff carries his black bulk easily and has the most forlorn brown eyes I have seen in a long while. Michael is wrapped in a black hood and I am encased for the wind and snow. Snow, as it does has at once darkened the entire day and made it so bright that we need the sunglasses for the glare.

Squeezing through a last bottleneck of space, we make out a hazy outline coming up to our left. Unseen to our right, down a plunging valley is the Nam River and the structure to our left, which clarifies as we approach, is the Ge Re Monastery, a new monastery that reminds me strangely of a mosque in shape. It sits as sort of a gateway into a bigger world beyond. It is still in the onslaught of snow…everything but the snow now seems still.

The sacred world and the secular are forever linked within the Himalayas

Our roving dog pack has become three with the addition of another old mastiff who shuffles along with us, limping from an old wound. The grey sky above shows no signs of relenting and I’m not sure I want it to…it fells fresh and cool on the face as though the snow is welcoming us into its realm. Our dogs seemed to revel in the adventure.

At one point shortly after noon there is the sense that we are entering a massive valley. An ever so slight ebbing of snow temporarily reveals a huge widening in our space. Black streaks of tone stand out in the white and these black streaks go skyward. We under the mountain’s bulk now. Immense and deep, a good portion of the earth that we see has been scrubbed and carved by glaciers. In the white it looks like undulating cream, while never losing its slightly ominous appeal. Our canine population grows another member; yet another mastiff and it is starting to feel as though we are small army of bodies.

We are ‘treated’ to a demonstration of our little terrier’s talents. Regardless of the onslaught of snow, the high mountain rodents, ‘avra’ are busy. Tiny bundles anywhere from 500 – 1000 grams they stand no chance of survival once our little scruffy friend targets them. It is clearly in his blood to hunt and his alert energy is rampant. He has no interest in supplementing his diet….his intention is to utterly destroy the little balls of life. The larger dogs watch in earnest and clearly he is the acknowledged master of the mountains. Amne Machin clearly favours him.

Neema, just after lunch, suggests we lay up and make camp due to the snowfall and cold but Michael and I feel it is better to push on and get a decent first day in. We prevail and continue.

Our route is taking us through dunes of snow on either side of us and though aware of the mountain off to our right, though we can almost make out a white line in the very white sky, we cannot quite see it.

It is a day where the highlights are muted by continuous snow – interspersed with manic bits of entertainment from our little terrier, who we have now (for reasons not needed to explain) have called ‘Ripper’.

In a flurry of running legs at one point, our canine comrades shoot left, their dark bodies bounding through the white. Up higher on a ridge the elusive and incredibly fast ‘Gwa’ or Tibetan antelope flash almost invisibly to a higher point. The dogs will never catch them and return later looking visibly worn…all except our Ripper who seems to have a limitless engine.

Our camp is a minimalist affair. Amne Machin lies veiled behind our tent.

Late afternoon brings more cold and sees an easing of snow. We decide it best to pitch up and remain for the night. Our site is a valley next to an ice-cold stream. Our tent, a small teepee-like canvas unit will provide little resistance to the wind and we have little in the way of ground sheets.

With the snow thinning, the temperature seems to plunge and the sky goes a purplish hue and at last we can see beyond a hundred yards. The mountain opens up before us to the left and right spreading out. The valley that we have been travelling through is split by fold after fold of mountain ridge, wandering off until the earth meets the sky in a tiny smudge of pink.

Horizons in the mountains are different things altogether. Part of the greater Amne Machin range.

The Mastiffs lie apart from one another around the tent while our terrier seems intent on planting himself inside the tent. A kettle is put onto our dung fire for boiling water…the one vital to Michael and I. Amne Machin looks at us from above.

Bedding down in a still and frigid cold night, our breath comes out in thin white streams and I feel a little four legged body jam himself under my covers and settle with a growl.

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Amne Machin – A Rush of White and a Kora

Amye Maqen (Amne Machin, Anye Machin) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amne_Machin), the stout, the muscular, and for much of time, the utterly hidden from the outside world…our first glimpse of it is of a snow capped wonder that appears far closer than it is. There seem to be as many ways of spelling it as their are potential descriptives. Neither wind blown sand nor a haze can obscure its brilliant bulk. It seems to hang from the sky as we come in from the northwest towards the makeshift town at its base, Xiadawu (or in the more flavoured local Tibetan ‘Da’wurr’ – ‘Place that is difficult for horses’). In Joseph Rock’s accounts of the mountain and bandit ridden regions back in 1930 he estimated the broad peaks of Amne Machin to be 30,000 feet, a guess that was later proven to be 3,000 metres off.

Amne Machin from the northwest

The Amne Machin range itself is an eastern extension of the greater Kunlun Mountain range, one of Asia’s longest most legend laden mountain chains. Located in the Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture it is here that the Yellow River (so named because of wind-blown loess that is carried in from Central Asia) rises before winding eastward. At its rounded and almost friendly white peaks it achieves just over 6,200 metres.

Snow bound glory

Mountains cannot be compared to other of their kind in my eyes. Mountains are landscapes, heaps of stone and snow unto themselves and each has their own thin-aired identity. Sacred to the Golog (Golok) nomads, Amne Machin is due east of our pristine salt lake near Mado (Mardo) that we’ve most recently left. It also lies on the route that nomads from southwest took to access their precious salt. Few nomadic caravans would pass up the chance to visit and circumambulate the sacred Amne Machin range while undertaking a perilous journey to source salt. Ever practical, the Tibetan traders saw the value of doing both trade for a revered commodity and a little cleansing of past ills.

Trader's satchel

 

This mountain that has long played a role in local nomad’s worship of the divine, has withstood weathering seasons and has become more iconic in the eyes of men over time. The fact that it lies as a northwest-southeast diagonal throughway for traders only increases the curiosity for Michael and I. How much is left in memory and physicality of the salt route legacy? How much of any trade route – seldom acknowledged, documented or discussed – will survive? It is in this way that these journeys and explorations are truly ‘exploratory’ with nothing being guaranteed.

Nam Chu (Nam River)

The town of Xiadawu, sits in a small cupped valley and is a dusty mess of pool tables, remarkably shabby huts and a main square of errant apathetic dogs that have forgotten their roles. Xiadawu’s decrepit appearance serves as an entry to something far greater than itself, Amne Machin, which erupts to the east. Flowing west out of the mountains past the town, the swerving breadth of the Nam Chu (Nam River) wanders through, over and around valleys in a never-ending search.

Nam Chu 2 (Nam River)

Our host, Tsering, is to be found out of town – it is he who will arrange our kora/ circumambulation around the great mountain. The ‘kora’ or clockwise circumambulation literally refers to a pilgrimage. For many eastern religions this act is believed to be a physical way to cleanse or clear away one’s past sins.

Xiadawu and Michael

If in fact this is the case it may well take a few more than one rotation for Michael and I to wipe our collective slates clean.

Around us the landscape ripples with Spring’s pending arrival – ridges verging on going from ochre to green. Still though, the high peaks remind in a glance that up here at over 4,000 metres winter isn’t really ever truly ‘over’.

Spring cometh

Our host Tsering tells us that, yes, the salt traders came through here as part of their annual travels – more specifically nomadic traders, who, coming from further east, would add the kora of the mountain to their travels to the salt lakes. A kind of double-pronged travel plan: salt for need and profit, kora for life-cleansing benefits.

Nomad

We will not waste much time here in Xiadawu – we crave the wind and the active components of searching and ‘hearing’ about places. It only serves to wet our appetites and to apply this knowledge to actual physical locations. Tangibles rule here in a land of tangibles. Michael and I share this need to keep the bodies in motion, particularly in such landscapes, where in order to partake in a geography one must actually ‘be’ there.

 

Our intention is to get onto the road and begin tomorrow early in the morning. We will have two yaks as our beasts of burden, one guide on horseback and will travel as light as possible, with mobility being preferred to bulky loads. There is snow still on the ground and we want all bodies to be unburdened. Here in Spring animals are weaker, lighter and not yet fully ready for long-haul travel. The route we will take will be approximately 150 km’s and be the long or ‘outer’ kora route taking anywhere from a week to ten days at four thousand metres or higher. It is early in the ‘season’ and the annual spring migrations of nomads into the mountains’ valleys have not yet begun.

 

Piling a meal of mutton, rice and cabbage into us at the headman’s home, we shuffle off to bed – me on the floor and Michael and a makeshift elevated mattress. The sky outside is the clear blue-black that mountains host so well, though there is a cold front moving in from the east where the gleaming bulk of Amne Machin lies waiting for us.

Interior of a nomadic dwelling in Spring

A skittish sleep ends with a shattering white light from outside. It is not the brilliant warm beams of sun that crash in through the window but rather a cold clear light that can only be caused by snow. Outside the world is a diagonal bombardment of massive snowflakes driving down into the turf. Our day of departure starts with snow and a few giant cups of tea. The headwoman of the village is already out, wrapped in her wools fearlessly issuing orders.

Morning welcome on trek day

She flashes a reckless smile at Michael and I as we make our way out into gust and wet flakes. These people know well the importance of a departure…and our pending departure is being coloured by a veil of white.

Women are as tough, if not tougher, than their male counterparts and are equally capable of loading and organizing caravans.

 

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Departure under the white

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The Jewel of the Heights

Jeff coddles some white gold

At first it is a glimmer, nothing more than a reflection that I think might be there. Shimmering heat already ripples in the morning air blurring my sightlines.  Michael’s eyes are creased studying the same spectre that I see…he is making a humming sound as if to speak and my veins are chocked with blood. Tsa (salt) and its ancient home are close and that sense is within both of us.

Tsam Tso - Salt Lake, at last

We are about 40 kilometres west of Mado in a remote but expansive valley and the vista before us refuses to clarify. We should be closing in on our long awaited salt mecca – the simultaneously famed yet hidden source of salt that drew in nomads from all over the plateau. The place to which goliath yak and weather-toughened men came and ultimately left, carting a hundred kilograms or more of pure white gold.

A bolt blue sky above is followed below by red earthen hills that run along the horizon and below these two known jolts of colour, a glimmering reflection continues to hover.  What is stunning here is the absence of anything – as though all life, all moving things have been evacuated so that colour and space may play. We are at 4,300 metres and while the sun pounds down it is cold clear air that is running the show.

 

Suddenly all glimmering ends and there is in front of us a flat piece of glass and in those first seconds there is that rare feeling of certainty – we have arrived. Tsam Tso the Glorious – Tsam Tso, the utterly still.

The stillness has silenced our tongues and suppressed any grand displays. There are no demonstrations of success, no surges of happiness from either of us at having arrived – the stillness and emptiness is haunting.

“Few know of this place”, we have been told.

 

Always a tea waiting

 

Above us a hawk (Nele) monitors our progress, its wings driving through the air, the only sound. For the past thirty years this high altitude lake has shimmered, but not hosted any salt seekers.

The Watcher

What we see is a shallow lake that is disappearing – we have been told that in the past ten years the water levels have declined dramatically. Quite what made the salt ‘better’ than other is a mystery but this salt was collected by traders from northwestern Sichuan making the two week journey, up to northern Qinghai and even to Lhasa in roughly a month.

 

A path to the north – a mere wisp – is what is left of the route which yak used to take their precious mineral cargoes to all points. One single nomadic tent remains. The family has been in the valley for generations and is the only remaining nomadic clan in view.

Nomads...gone modern with a much needed solar panel

The family tells us how the lake itself will dry up in time. Thick salt coats the shallow lakes but is unused except by the odd bird that fancies a saline treat. Nomads left the valley when the famed salt dried up. When I ask what made the salt so special that traders traveled through such landscapes to access, the response was vague and simple – “because it was special salt”.

Silence pervades and the wind itself seems to be mindful that this is a valley of quiet – my mind wanders backward in time to when bodies came and went buying and trading for the salt. Traders from Sichuan would often bring special wood, sap and resin heavy pine for trade for salt – bartering has a deep and long running pedigree in these parts.

Some things don't change...at least not entirely

Two structures – salt storage facilities lie forlorn and dilapidated – lie just off of the shallows and saltpans.

 

Further on from our beloved and lonely Salt Lake two other bodies of water bid us welcome – the 1,000 square kilometre blue-green hulks of Gyoring Lake and its sister the Ngoring – which act as unofficial holding tanks for the second longest river in China, The Yellow River (Ma Chu in Tibetan). The origins of the Yellow River are further west, but my interest is in the pathways that line the lakes. It was here that salt caravans heading into Tibet camped, fueled up and departed south to Lhasa and Ngachu to deliver salt. Mules and horses, so preeminent upon the Tea Horse Road, were seldom used here. Yaks and their broad backs provided the platform for transportation. Very little remnants remain here of the route either, though a herd of Wild Tibetan Asses (known as Jiang) briefly gaze their soulful brown eyes at us.

Jiang, aka 'Wild Tibetan Asses'

Twin lakes of Ngoring and Gyoring act both as holding basins and conduits for the Yellow River

We leave tomorrow for a portion of the most physical aspect of the route – a portion that deals both with the secular and the very earthy – one of the Himalayas most coveted mountains for Tibetans – Amne Machin/Amye Maqen. The plan is a seven-day circumambulation of the entire range. Perpetually snow clad, this sacred stone force pushes up almost 6,300 metres and was a rest/worshipping stop along the way for salt caravans.

 

Empty caravans making their way to the salt source of Tsam Tso would pass this massive body of stone and ice to pay respects.

A local expression about the fate of beings up here, "What falls is down". A yak corpse at 4500 metres.

 

Bags, tents, socks, tea and some suspect biscuits are being packed.

Until our return from the snow mountains, best from crystal air at 4,300 metres from us both.

 

Jeff

 

 

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Ghosts and ‘Ka’ (Snow)

We are hunting a ghost, ghosts in fact it seems. The Salt Route that hasn’t been documented, this Tsalam that I have dreamt about and that we now seek is becoming akin to chasing vapours, or trying to track windblown sand. My western notion of a ‘route’, the idea of one single ‘route’ being the Salt Road has been annihilated. I should have known better than to assume any one path, road or route can be omnipotent upon the mighty Tibetan Plateau. The essence (which I’ve temporarily lost sight of) of a “route”, especially a trade route through these motionless and giant spaces is made up of many various paths that join, stretch and then veer off from one another. A route here at least, is the sum of its parts, and its parts are fragmented trails, not a single path. A route may have a name but it inevitably has many feeders that contribute – and the route of salt is true to this.

Routes and paths inevitably make up a trade 'route'.

Lower Honkor is a dozen kilometers from the fractious Sichuan border with Qinghai and Michael and I are welcomed by a friendly but wary contingent of border police. Michael and I are both wearing the faces of slightly weary but expectant travelers, who have finally arrived to their long dreamt of paradise. This ‘paradise’ we arrive to is a series of ill-kept row houses, a school compound and a block of buildings that are surrounded by newly built wall. All of this seems shoved into a windblown valley along the Nyi Chu (Nyi River) with a single road adhering it together.

 

Honkor, entry point into Qinghai province from Sichuan - entry and exit point of trade routes

We are told gently that no, we cannot dither about indefinitely asking the elders about salt, and no we cannot trek because of ‘dangers’ – though what dangers we would be likely to encounter, no one elaborates on.

 

The Nyi Chu river provided a valley 'trail' by which salt caravans, single yak, and nomads accessed the salt sources of Qinghai

Our moods collectively darken, as at this point we need direct communication not promises and smiles that fade with light. My tea consumption (a consistent antidote to all things stressing) has increased to where I’ve got my thermos filled and by my side at all hours. I’ve got a twitch in my left eye jumping around – there is frustration at this point; one of any ‘exploration’s’ less talked about inevitabilities. We’ve been pointed in directions, gotten whiffs of the salt, the route, felt we’re close only to have the door (which has been permanently ajar, but not open) swing shut on us. The hints, though, are enough.

 

Fuchs about to lose the plot - thankfully tea was on hand

But then, unexpectedly for reasons that don’t matter but do confuse, we are offered information by locals that yes, salt came through this valley, but never in large amounts and certainly not in caravans, but rather, in groups of two’s and three’s. Yes, salt came in but not from the south as I had imagined, but rather from further west. Families, or simply family members would depart and be back within a week or ten days with a yak or two laden with salt from Sichuan, or this new western locale that is emphasized.

“So should we head to Sichuan’s salt sources”? We ask.

“Mado”, this name comes out at us from nowhere.

“Mado is where you must go to explore the real salt history. It is there that the best salt on the plateau existed”. There are salt and brine wells and salt lakes throughout the Himalayas and upon the Tibetan Plateau, but these are largely mere blips, or well-documented sources. It is the existence of the sources in the nomadic areas that beckon me on – the less documented and ‘hidden’ from view salt centres that we are hunting…and of course those few bodies and minds that still carry their own remnants of tales from the ancient days of trade.

 

 

Elders like Yangdon are the 'memories', and the last travellers who can claim to 'know' the Tsalam

 

Honkor – Mado

Some would call these wastelands, vast spaces of emptiness that can host only the most rugged life forms…from my heavy eyes; I see that this is as a place of great and silent power that cannot be bent by human hands. These bleak and stunning landscapes measure risk and beauty differently and the ‘reward’ for mistakes or failure here is harsh and often fatal.

 

Vast and empty - valleys at 4,000 metres near Mado

We are heading west to Mado and the famed salt lake awaits us (we think). Mado County rests at 4,300 metres and it is known for being one of the coldest counties of all of the Tibetan regions. It is called Marduk to the Tibetans meaning, “high place” and it is that, though the ‘town’ itself was more of a nomadic seasonal dwelling place wedged into a long lake shaped valley.

 

Mountains usher in yet more mountains

We feel the bite of the wind in our teeth upon our arrival to Mado with clear blasts of unambiguous winter clattering into us. Nearby, there lies one of the crucial salt sources of the Himalayas, a lake whose salt was exported (and craved) northwards, southwards to connect with the northern Tea Horse Road and onto Lhasa and even westward into northwestern Sichuan. There is an urge to simply dash out, find the lake and dive into its long sought depths – Michael’s pragmatism holds me steady. Finally, it seems, we are closing in on a thus far elusive part of the salt trade history and the blood is rushing again.

 

Other geographies have provided salt; in northwest Sichuan there are salt sources near ‘Tsaka’ (literally ‘place of salt’), but we have learned that no salt was as craved as much as that which rests (or rested) near Mado. Tibetans have long needed and used salt in their own diets and that of their herds and it has been a commodity second only to tea upon much of the Tibetan Plateau.

 

 

Mado feels as though in its previous incarnation it was simply another valley surrounded by a rolling abyss; travel in any direction and you enter onto high altitude, snow-spotted plains that are hemmed in by peaks that are themselves locked down with snowcaps. These errant snow patches infuse me with bursts of expectation – something perhaps about the way the snow stubbornly clings onto life and refuses to fade under the monster sun. I am starting to see the snow as a metaphor for this Tsalam salt roads that we seek – something tempting us on with little bits of good news hidden within a lot of contradictions, holding on a little longer for a last gasp of air before fading altogether.

 

Just as the rivers meander and wander, so too do the trade routes

During a trek out of town southwest (towards our now beloved salt lake) we see the land in all of its glory and finally now we are able to imagine (and in my case hunger for) the salt route itself. Above us, hovering in a dorky kind of menace, enormous vultures sweep along with the thermals. Their presence is that of an overseer and undertaker all at once.

 

Tomorrow a lake beckons – a body of water that was a beacon for nomads across the Himalaya, a body of water that provided the highest quality salt to those connoisseurs who craved it – tomorrow, we will dip our hands into Tsam Tso (Salt Lake).

 

 

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Further, Higher

We have moved further southwest near Da Re (Darlag), from Maqen towards the badland-borders with Sichuan province, less than one hundred kilometres from Serthar. We’ve arrived to a town that sits squeezed along the Yellow River wedged in between auburn coloured valleys. Our travel thus far has been the moving equivalent of the Russian Doll concept – one doll is opened up to reveal another smaller doll, and so on. In our case it is one small town leading to another smaller community, then onto a village until finally we will be completely embalmed in the open air.

Yet to reach Honkor as things go more slowly than we calculated (although in these areas we are well aware that ‘plans’ are only plans until some other plan is adopted) due to caterpillar fungus collection. Epic battles have been waged between Tibetans over who owns lands and who can access the springtime harvests of caterpillar fungus. We must abide by unwritten codes and land-crossing rules that are difficult and complicated to understand. Certain lands we simply cannot cross, even if these massive spaces appear to belong to the earth itself. While there are no actual laws, to presume anything in these raw and informal lands is a mistake. We must wait for counsel. Travelling over lands that belong to nomadic clans requires permission and this is especially true as fungus-picking season is upon us. The fungus is the one certain income generator many nomads have and one month of work can fill the coffers for the rest of the year. Nomads protect the lands and fungus with something bordering on violent desperation.  Our journey and routing through these lands must be carefully considered to prevent offending, or worse.

Another issue is that the old trader who was to come (and still may) and usher us along the Salt Road, is not in good health. Though he is adamant on joining us, his family is genuinely concerned with his health as the entire journey we are set to do will be above 4,000 metres and we will be in lands that are entirely cut off from communication, aid and access routes. If anything happens we are entirely on our own with the possibility of nomadic help. Our old trader’s health is ailing and, though Michael and I do very much want his company along the route, we will not for one moment consider risking his health or causing offence.  It may be that all we can achieve is an interview with him and others, but this will be enough. In such cases we simply must ‘hurry up and wait’.

Our morning begins ascending a 4,600 metre mountain heading up the twenty-degree grade to get a view of our intended route. Below, the Yellow River courses through a dozen channels wandering away and then reconvening. The water levels are down but vibrant green currents run deep and strong and the strands of water are visible from above creating white ripples in the sunlight.

Air moves in cold currents up at this altitude and the clean sharp waft of snow filters through the air. In the distance there are the comforting white peaks, which I’ve become attached to making daily eye contact with.

Yaks graze below and speck the horizon – the only dark marks on this sand-coloured earth, and once Michael and I reach the summit our sightlines seem infinite. Looking south-west we can see the valley we will travel through. It bends, widens, bends again and then simply funnels away into the mountain’s wedges. As the distances lengthen, the mind itself is wandering and wondering.

Directly south of us another brutish mountain stands, and is informally known as a wolf gathering point after dusk. Nomads are sure to get their herds of four-legged beast off the mountain long before the skies darken, as it becomes a realm of the ‘junke’ – the wolf.

These lands around us are stained with, and pay great tribute to the fabled King Geysar of Tibetan lore. Known as a unifier of peoples and destroyer of evil his mustached figure seems everywhere at once: on flags, on statuettes, drawn almost as graffiti on walls and spoken about universally as a “great leader”. He apparently was active in the area, destroying some, supporting others and generally rolling over any who opposed his view. Michael and I have admired formidable mustaches on local men that are wide and grand, worn with some genuine pizzazz. Long and black, the mustaches hang down on either sides of the mouth like black handle-bars. Whether in tribute to Geysar or simply because they have the facial hair to manage this feat, it is refreshing to see a bit of panache.

Our plan is to visit a valley where caravans entered into the Yellow Valley watershed in the coming day. Trade routes throughout the Himalayas often followed waterways as at least one essential was a certainty, water. Important for us is not only to see the route, and the people who risked much in traveling it, but also to see the wider landscapes that linked to it. Where we are now, Da Re, though never large, was a stop for caravans of salt heading further northeast.

Water is an important theme along the Tsalam as well, as we will access a remote salt lake that was known primarily by nomads and in the same way that they protect their caterpillar fungus lands, they also protected the salt lake knowing the value of the precious white mineral.

Settled into every valley around here is a story, a tent or herd, and trails line the bases of these valleys. Where these trails meander off to has my mind fluttering off to follow. Perhaps further communities, perhaps other routes and trails, linking ever further outwards like rosary across the mountains.

Tomorrow we head still further west into even more remote regions where communications will (we’ve been told) be impossible.

This may well be our last posting for the coming days, and it is with a bit of happiness that we will finally be deep in the belly of the mountains and route we have come to document. Sadly, we may be unable to communicate in real time our observations, trials and joys. We will try, and at the very least when we do finish our wanderings along the route this blog will be humming with what the senses picked up.

Until then, we send wind-blown wishes. And yes, we are well stocked with two glorious cakes of old tea tree green Puer…so at the very least we can wander aimlessly amidst mountains, wolves and nomads buzzing on tea’s goodness.

I sign off with a local saying about tea’s importance here in the past, “With tea, one can buy a horse, and when one has a horse, one is free”.

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WildChina Explorers Grant

WildChina is a premium, sustainable travel company based in Beijing. Started in 2000 by Mei Zhang, a native of Yunnan Province and a Harvard MBA, WildChina offers distinctive, ecologically sensitive journeys to all corners of China.

This is the first year that WildChina has awarded adventurers seeking to push the boundaries of responsible, off-the-beaten-path travel in China. The first WildChina Explorer’s Grant has been granted to Canadian explorer and writer Jeff Fuchs….read more here

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